Ketoconazole, an antifungal agent, operates by disrupting the production of ergosterol within fungal cells. Ergosterol is a vital structural component of the fungal cell membrane, and its absence leads to membrane dysfunction and ultimately, cell death. The drug accomplishes this by inhibiting the activity of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, specifically targeting the enzyme responsible for the conversion of lanosterol to ergosterol. As a result, ketoconazole is effective in treating a wide range of fungal infections, including dermatological and systemic mycoses, both in its oral and topical forms.

Ketoconazole is used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm, and certain kinds of dandruff. It is also used to treat a skin condition known as pityriasis versicolor. Ketoconazole is available as a cream, shampoo, and as an oral tablet. It works by preventing the growth of fungus.

Cream and shampoo:

Ketoconazole cream and shampoo are used for the topical treatment of fungal infections. The cream is applied to the affected skin once or twice daily, while the shampoo is used to treat conditions of the scalp and hair. It is important to use ketoconazole cream or shampoo as directed by a healthcare provider and to continue treatment for the full prescribed duration, even if symptoms improve.

Oral tablets:

Ketoconazole oral tablets are used to treat more severe fungal infections that cannot be treated with topical medications alone. These tablets are usually taken once daily with a full glass of water. It is important to take ketoconazole tablets with food to help absorption. The duration of oral treatment depends on the type and severity of the infection.

Precautions:

Ketoconazole can cause liver damage, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider if you have liver disease before starting treatment. Other side effects may include allergic reactions, changes in hormone levels, and interactions with other medications. It is important to discuss any medications or supplements you are taking with your healthcare provider before starting ketoconazole.

Ketoconazole should not be used in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or in those with certain medical conditions. It is also not recommended for use during pregnancy or breastfeeding unless the benefits outweigh the potential risks.

As with any medication, it is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions and read the patient information leaflet provided with the medication for more detailed information.